WOMBAT publications

WOMBAT publications

Papers published by the WOMBAT team.

  1. Brooke-Cowden KJ. Examining the patient experience in a paediatric oncology outpatient clinic: Macquarie University; 2022.
  2. Guidi S, Tanzini M, Westbrook J. IORapp: An R tool for Inter-Observer Reliability Assessment of Time and Motion data.  European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics 2021; Siena, Italy: Association for Computing Machinery; 2021. p. Article 8.
  3. Havnes K, Lehnbom EC, Walter SR, Garcia BH, Halvorsen KH. Time distribution for pharmacists conducting a randomized controlled trial-An observational time and motion study. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0250898.
  4. Lichtner V, Prgomet M, Gates P, Franklin BD. Automatic dispensing cabinets and governance of controlled drugs: an exploratory study in an intensive care unit. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. 2021:ejhpharm-2020-002552.
  5. Tanzini M, Westbrook JI, Guidi S, Sunderland N, Prgomet M. Measuring Clinical Workflow to Improve Quality and Safety.  Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management: Springer, Cham; 2021. p. 393-402.
  6. Chen EYH, Bell JS, Ilomaki J, Corlis M, Hogan ME, Caporale T, Van Emden J, Westbrook JI, Hilmer SN, et al. Medication administration in Australian residential aged care: A time-and-motion study. J Eval Clin Pract. 2020.
  7. Prgomet M, Walter S, Jorgensen M, Georgiou A, Westbrook J. Understanding the work of case managers in Australian community aged care: a longitudinal time and motion study. Australian Health Review. 2020;44(6):853-61.
  8. Walter SR, Raban MZ, Westbrook JI. Visualising clinical work in the emergency department: understanding interleaved patient management. Applied Ergonomics. 2019;79:45-53.
  9. Westbrook JI, Li L, Shah S, Lehnbom EC, Prgomet M, Schofield B, et al. A cross-country time and motion study to measure the impact of electronic medication management systems on the work of hospital pharmacists in Australia and England. Int J Med Inform. 2019.
  10. Bellandi T, Cerri A, Carreras G, Walter S, Mengozzi C, Albolino S, Mastrominico E, Renzetti F, Tartaglia R, Westbrook J. Interruptions and multitasking in surgery: a multicentre observational study of the daily work patterns of doctors and nurses. Ergonomics. 2018;61(1):40-7.
  11. Westbrook JI, Raban M, Walter SR, Douglas H. Task errors by emergency physicians are associated with interruptions, multitasking, fatigue and working memory capacity: a prospective, direct observation study. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2018.
  12. Georgiou A, McCaughey EJ, Tariq A, Walter SR, Li J, Callen J, Paoloni R, Runciman WB, Westbrook JI. What is the impact of an electronic test result acknowledgement system on Emergency Department physicians’ work processes? A mixed-method pre-post observational study. Int J Med Inform. 2017;99:29-36.
  13. Larcos G, Prgomet M, Georgiou A, Westbrook J. A work observation study of nuclear medicine technologists: interruptions, resilience and implications for patient safety. BMJ Qual Saf. 2017;26(6):466-74.
  14. Walter SR, Raban MZ, Dunsmuir WTM, Douglas HE, Westbrook JI. Emergency doctors' strategies to manage competing workload demands in an interruptive environment: an observational workflow time study. Applied Ergonomics. 2017;58:454-60.
  15. Westbrook JI, Li L, Hooper TD, Raban MZ, Middleton S, Lehnbom EC. Effectiveness of a ‘do not interrupt’ bundled intervention to reduce interruptions during medication administration: a cluster randomised controlled feasibility study. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2017;26(9):734.
  16. Lehnbom EC, Li L, Prgomet M, Lam W, Westbrook JI, editors. Little things matter: a time and motion study of pharmacists’ activities in a paediatric hospital. Digital Health Innovation for Consumers, Clinicians, Connectivity and Community: Selected Papers from the 24th Australian National Health Informatics Conference (HIC 2016); 2016: IOS Press.
  17. Richardson LC, Lehnbom EC, Baysari MT, Walter SR, Day RO, Westbrook JI. A time and motion study of junior doctor work patterns on the weekend: a potential contributor to the weekend effect? Intern Med J. 2016;46(7):819-25.
  18. Sinsky C, Colligan L, Li L, Prgomet M, Reynolds S, Goeders L, Westbrook J, Tutty M, Blike G. Allocation of physician time in ambulatory practice: a time and motion study in 4 specialties. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2016;165(11):753-60.
  19. Westbrook JI, Shah S, Lehnbom EC, Girling A. Collaborative cross-country study to measure the impact of electronic medication management systems. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2016;28(suppl_1):10-1.
  20. Baysari MT, Lehnbom EC, Westbrook JI, editors. A workshop on how to use the Work Observation By Activity Timing (WOMBAT) tool – an easy and precise way to quantify patterns of work and communication. 19th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association; 2015 9-14 August 2015; Melbourne.
  21. Li L, Hains I, Hordern T, Milliss D, Raper R, Westbrook J. What do ICU doctors do? A multisite time and motion study of the clinical work patterns of registrars. Critical Care and Resuscitation. 2015;17(3):159.
  22. Raban MZ, Walter SR, Douglas HE, Strumpman D, Mackenzie J, Westbrook JI. Measuring the relationship between interruptions, multitasking and prescribing errors in an emergency department: a study protocol. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e009076.
  23. Schofield B, Cresswel K, Westbrook J, Slee A, Girling A, Shah S, et al. The impact of electronic prescribing systems on pharmacists’ time and workflow: protocol for a time-and-motion study in English NHS hospitals. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10).
  24. Walter SR, Li L, Dunsmuir WTM, Westbrook JI. Managing competing demands through task-switching and multitasking: a multi-setting observational study of 200 clinicians over 1000 hours. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2014;23(3):231-41.
  25. Arabadzhiyska PN, Baysari MT, Walter S, Day RO, Westbrook JI. Shedding light on junior doctors' work practices after hours. Intern Med J. 2013;43(12):1321-6.
  26. Callen J, Hordern A, Gibson K, Li L, Hains IM, Westbrook JI. Can technology change the work of nurses? Evaluation of a drug monitoring system for ambulatory chronic disease patients. Int J Med Inform. 2013;82(3):159-67.
  27. Lehnbom EC, Baysari MT, Westbrook JI, editors. Quantifying health professionals' patterns of work and communication and the impact of health information technology: a workshop on how to design and use the Work Observation Method by Activity Timing (WOMBAT) tool. MedInfo; 2013; Copenhagen, Denmark.
  28. Westbrook JI, Li L, Georgiou A, Paoloni R, Cullen J. Impact of an electronic medication management system on hospital doctors’ and nurses’ work: a controlled pre–post, time and motion study. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA. 2013;20(6):1150-8.
  29. Westbrook JI, Creswick NJ, Duffield C, Li L, Dunsmuir WTM. Changes in nurses’ work associated with computerised information systems: opportunities for international comparative studies using the revised Work Observation Method By Activity Timing (WOMBAT). Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on Nursing Informatics. 2012;2012:448.
  30. Ballermann M, Shaw N, Mayes D, Gibney RN, Westbrook J. Validation of the Work Observation Method By Activity Timing (WOMBAT) method of conducting time-motion observations in critical care settings: an observational study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2011;11(1):32.
  31. Westbrook J, Duffield C, Li L, Creswick N. How much time do nurses have for patients? a longitudinal study quantifying hospital nurses' patterns of task time distribution and interactions with health professionals. BMC Health Services Research. 2011;11(1):319.
  32. Lo C, Burke R, Westbrook JI. Electronic medication management systems' influence on hospital pharmacists' work patterns. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research. 2010;40(2):106-10.
  33. Westbrook JI, Coiera E, Dunsmuir WTM, Brown BM, Kelk N, Paoloni R, et al. The impact of interruptions on clinical task completion. Quality and Safety in Health Care. 2010;19(4):284-9.
  34. Westbrook JI, Ampt A. Design, application and testing of the Work Observation Method by Activity Timing (WOMBAT) to measure clinicians' patterns of work and communication. Int J Med Inform. 2009;78 Suppl 1:S25-33.
  35. Westbrook JI, Braithwaite J, Gibson K, Paoloni R, Callen J, Georgiou A, et al. Use of information and communication technologies to support effective work practice innovation in the health sector: a multi-site study. BMC Health Services Research. 2009;9(1):201.
  36. Westbrook JI, Ampt A, Kearney L, Rob MI. All in a day's work: an observational study to quantify how and with whom doctors on hospital wards spend their time. Med J Aust. 2008;188(9):506-9.
  37. Ampt A, Westbrook J, Creswick N, Mallock N. A comparison of self-reported and observational work sampling techniques for measuring time in nursing tasks. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. 2007;12(1):18-24.
  38. Ampt A, Westbrook JI. Measuring nurses' time in medication related tasks prior to the implementation of an electronic medication management system. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2007;130:157-67.
  39. Westbrook JI, Ampt A, Williamson M, Nguyen K, Kearney L, editors. Methods for measuring the impact of health information technologies on clinicians' patterns of work and communication. Medinfo 2007: Proceedings of the 12th World Congress on Health (Medical) Informatics; Building Sustainable Health Systems; 2007: IOS Press.

Papers published by the WOMBAT community:

  1. Magee K, Fromont M, Ihle E, Cheung M, Percival M, Poole SG, Bell C, Theobald B, Dooley MJ, et al. Direct observational time and motion study of the daily activities of hospital dispensary pharmacists and technicians. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research. 2023.
  2. Aylin A, Kaya BY, ÇAKIT E, Dağdeviren M. Üretim sistemlerindeki dijital dönüşümün iş etüdü teknikleri üzerindeki etkisi. Verimlilik Dergisi. 2022:110-22.
  3. Gaitan Gómez OL, Bueno-Robles LS, Pape T. Medication Administration Distraction Observation Sheet Checklist: Cultural Adaptation and Validation Into Spanish. CuidArte Journal. 2022;11(22).
  4. Havnes K. Optimising drug therapy in older patients. Exploring different approaches across the patient pathway. UiT The Arctic University of Norway: UiT The Arctic University of Norway; 2022.
  5. Huynh S, Rush L, Dadalias D, Githinji D, Ta M, Poole SG, et al. Time and motion study quantifying the activities of the cardiology, respiratory, and geriatric clinical pharmacist. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research. 2022;52(5):383-90.
  6. Karia A, Norman R, Robinson S, Lehnbom E, Laba T-L, Durakovic I, et al. Pharmacist’s time spent: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)—an observational time and motion study. BMJ open. 2022;12(3):e055597.
  7. Mietchen MS, Short CT, Samore M, Lofgren ET, Program CDCMIDiH. Examining the impact of ICU population interaction structure on modeled colonization dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Comput Biol. 2022;18(7):e1010352.
  8. Nymoen LD, Tran T, Walter SR, Lehnbom EC, Tunestveit IK, Øie E, et al. Emergency department physicians’ distribution of time in the fast paced-workflow-a novel time-motion study of drug-related activities. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2022:1-11.
  9. Olin K, Göras C, Nilsson U, Unbeck M, Ehrenberg A, Pukk-Härenstam K, et al. Mapping registered nurse anaesthetists' intraoperative work: tasks, multitasking, interruptions and their causes, and interactions: a prospective observational study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(1):e052283.
  10. Sinnott C, Moxey JM, Marjanovic S, Leach B, Hocking L, Ball S, et al. Identifying how GPs spend their time and the obstacles they face: a mixed-methods study. British Journal of General Practice. 2022;72:e148-e60.
  11. Stellman R, Redfern A, Lahri Sa, Esterhuizen T, Cheema B. How much time do doctors spend providing care to each child in the ED? A time and motion study. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2022;39:23-9.
  12. Leslie HH, Laos D, Cárcamo C, Pérez-Cuevas R, García PJ. Health care provider time in public primary care facilities in Lima, Peru: a cross-sectional time motion study. BMC Health Services Research. 2021;21(1):123.
  13. Lichtner V, Prgomet M, Gates P, Franklin BD. Automatic dispensing cabinets and governance of controlled drugs: an exploratory study in an intensive care unit. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. 2021:ejhpharm-2020-002552.
  14. Cooper AL, Brown JA, Eccles SP, Cooper N, Albrecht MA. Is nursing and midwifery clinical documentation a burden? An empirical study of perception versus reality. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2021;30(11-12):1645-52.
  15. Elenjord R, Ostbo A, Svendsen K, Lehnbom E. How do pharmacy staff distribute the time in a Hospital outpatient Pharmacy? The first WOMBAT time and motion study in a Norwegian Hospital Pharmacy (Abstracts of 48th ESCP symposium on clinical pharmacy 23–25 October 2019, Ljubljana (Slovenia)). International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2020;42(1):224.
  16. Gon G, Ali SM, Aunger R, Campbell OM, de Barra M, de Bruin M, et al. A Practical Guide to Using Time-and-Motion Methods to Monitor Compliance With Hand Hygiene Guidelines: Experience From Tanzanian Labor Wards. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2020.
  17. Gon G, Virgo S, de Barra M, Ali SM, Campbell OM, Graham WJ, et al. Behavioural determinants of hand washing and glove recontamination before aseptic procedures at birth: a time-and-motion study and survey in Zanzibar labour wards. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(4):1438.
  18. Karia AM, Balane C, Norman R, Robinson S, Lehnbom E, Durakovic I, et al. Community pharmacist workflow: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE study protocol. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2020;28(5):441-8.
  19. Wise S, Duffield C, Fry M, Roche M. Clarifying workforce flexibility from a division of labor perspective: a mixed methods study of an emergency department team. Human Resources for Health. 2020;18(1):17.
  20. Göras C, Olin K, Unbeck M, Pukk-Härenstam K, Ehrenberg A, Tessma MK, et al. Tasks, multitasking and interruptions among the surgical team in an operating room: a prospective observational study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(5):e026410.
  21. Hand RK, Albert JM, Sehgal AR. Quantifying the time used for renal dietitian's responsibilities: a pilot study. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2019;29(5):416-27.
  22. Cavaye D, Lehnbom EC, Laba T-L, El-Boustani E, Joshi R, Webster R. Considering pharmacy workflow in the context of Australian community pharmacy: a pilot time and motion study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2018.
  23. Gon G, de Bruin M, de Barra M, Ali SM, Campbell OM, Graham WJ, et al. Hands washing glove use, and avoiding recontamination before aseptic procedures at birth: A multicenter time-and-motion study conducted in Zanzibar. American journal of infection control. 2018.
  24. Graham TA, Ballermann M, Lang E, Bullard MJ, Parsons D, Mercuur G, et al. Emergency physician use of the Alberta Netcare Portal, a province-wide interoperable electronic health record: multi-method observational study. JMIR. 2018;6(3):e10184.
  25. Holmqvist M, Ekstedt M, Walter SR, Lehnbom EC. Medication management in municipality-based healthcare: a time and motion study of nurses. Home Healthcare Now. 2018;36(4):238-46.
  26. Reed CC, Minnick AF, Dietrich MS. Nurses’ responses to interruptions during medication tasks: a time and motion study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2018;82:113-20.
  27. Hefter Y, Madahar P, Eisen LA, Gong MN. A time-motion study of ICU workflow and the impact of strain*. Critical Care Medicine. 2016;44(8):1482-9.
  28. Stellman R. How much time do doctors spend looking after children in South African Emergency Departments? 2016.
  29. Hefter Y, Madahar P, Eisen L, Gong M. A time motion study to describe workflow of attendings and residents in medical and surgical ICUs.  C94 High Imapct Clinical Trials in Critical Care. American Thoracic Society International Conference Abstracts: American Thoracic Society; 2015. p. A5126-A.
  30. Hefter Y, Madahar P, Eisen LA, Gong MN. Relationship of ICU strain factors and allocation of physician time in the ICU.  C103 Optimizing Limited ICU Resources: Am Thoracic Soc; 2015. p. A5233-A.
  31. Reed CC. Nursing work and responses to interruptions. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University; 2015.
  32. Ballermann M, Shaw NT, Mayes DC, Gibney RN. Impact of a clinical information system on multitasking in two intensive care units. Electronic Journal of Health Informatics. 2012;7(1):2.
  33. Ballermann M, Shaw NT, Mayes DC, Gibney RTN. Critical care providers refer to information tools less during communication tasks after a critical care clinical information system introduction. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2011;164:37-41.
  34. Shaw NT, Ballermann MA, Hagtvedt R, Ho S, Mayes DC, Gibney N. Intensive care unit nurse workflow during shift change prior to the introduction of a critical care clinical information system. electronic Journal of Health Informatics. 2011;6(1):5.
  35. Ballermann M, Shaw N, Mayes D, Gibney R, editors. Intensive care unit health care providers spend less time multitasking after the introduction of a critical care clinical information system. HIC 2010: 18th Annual Health Informatics Conference: Informing the Business of Healthcare; 2010 24-26 August 2010; Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre: Health Informatics Society of Australia.
  36. Ballermann MA, Shaw NT, Arbeau KJ, Mayes DC, Noel Gibney R. Impact of a critical care clinical information system on interruption rates during intensive care nurse and physician documentation tasks. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2010;160(Pt 1):274-8.

Content owner: Australian Institute of Health Innovation Last updated: 11 Mar 2024 7:56pm

Back to the top of this page